Grammar Topic

Conditionals in Chinese Grammar

Choose the condition structure by how strong the condition is: expected, sufficient, necessary, or hypothetical.

Choose the structure by meaning

Common mix-ups

Looking for a specific conditional?

Open the complete reference when you need the exact condition pair.

Browse all conditional patterns (54)

Expected if-then

17 patterns

如果...就...rúguǒ... jiù...HSK 2

Reach for this when you want to say 'if X, then Y.' 如果 sets up a condition; 就 delivers the consequence.HSK 2

如果……rúguǒ... (jiù)...HSK 2

Reach for this when you want to set up a hypothetical condition — 'if X, then Y.' Stick 如果 at the front of the condition clause, then state the result.HSK 2

在...下zài... xià...HSK 5-6

Reach for this when an action happens under some condition, leadership, or influence — 'under X.' Slot a noun phrase between 在 and 下 to describe the circumstance the main action takes place in.HSK 5-6

...更不用说gèng bú yòng shuōHSK 5-6

Reach for this when you've just made a point and want to add a second, more extreme case that makes the first point even more obvious — 'not to mention,' 'let alone,' 'much less.' The structure stacks: if the smaller/easier thing is already true (or already false), then this bigger thing is even more so.HSK 5-6

如果不……那……rúguǒ bù... nà...HSK 1

Use this to lay out a 'what-if-not' scenario and follow it with what would happen — 'if not X, then Y.' It's the negative-condition twin of plain 如果……那…….HSK 1

...的话，最重要的不是......de huà, zuì zhòngyào de bú shì...HSK 3-4

Reach for this when you're giving advice tailored to a specific type of listener.HSK 3-4

Subject + 能 / 不能 + Verbnéng / bù néng + [verb]HSK 1

Reach for 能 / 不能 when you want to say someone can or cannot do something — based on ability, permission, or external circumstances.HSK 1

不然就...bùrán jiù...HSK 2

Reach for this when you want to spell out a fallback or threat — 'otherwise,' 'or else.' It introduces what happens if the preceding course of action ISN'T taken: do X, or else Y.HSK 2

如果 / 想 ... 要 ...rúguǒ / xiǎng ... yào ...HSK 2

Reach for this when you're laying down a requirement for getting what someone wants — 'if you want X, you have to do Y.' Either start with 如果 ('if') and a goal, or skip 如果 and lead with 想 + verb ('want to do X'); either way, the second half uses 要 to spell out the obligation.HSK 2

如果 / 要是 ... 就 ...rúguǒ / yàoshi... jiù...HSK 3-4

Reach for this when you want to pair a condition with its immediate consequence — 'if X, then Y.' 如果 is the neutral / written form, 要是 the colloquial one; both pair with 就 in the result clause to mark 'then.' The 就 is the workhorse here — it locks the result tightly to the condition, telling the listener 'as soon as that's true, this follows.' Spoken Chinese frequently drops 如果/要是 and leans on 就 alone.HSK 3-4

如果……(的话)，(就)……rú guǒ... (de huà), (jiù)...HSK 1

Reach for 如果...(的话)，(就)...HSK 1

如果...会...rúguǒ... huì...HSK 1

Reach for this when you want to lay out a condition and predict what would happen — 'if X, then [I/it] will Y.' 如果 sets up the if-clause, 会 in the second half marks the prediction.HSK 1

如果...那么...rúguǒ... nàme...HSK 5-6

Reach for this when you want to spell out a hypothetical and its consequence clearly — 'if X, then Y.' 如果 sets the condition; 那么 introduces the conclusion that follows.HSK 5-6

如果你想...，你...rúguǒ... xiǎng..., ...HSK 2

The conditional for advice and instructions: 'If you want to do X, you [should/can/need to] do Y.' Reach for this when you're walking someone through a what-if — what to do if they want to buy something, learn something, get somewhere.HSK 2

当...的时候，往往就是...dāng... de shíhòu, wǎngwǎng jiùshì... de shíhòuHSK 5-6

Reach for this when you want to make a pointed observation about timing — the moment X happens is usually the exact moment Y is also true.HSK 5-6

看似...但如果...kànsì... dàn rúguǒ...HSK 5-6

Reach for this when you want to set up a 'it looks harmless, but dig deeper and...' contrast — the kind of rhetorical move common in commentary and op-eds.HSK 5-6

谁先...，谁就...；谁继续...，谁就...shéi... shéi jiù... ; shéi... shéi jiù...HSK 5-6

Reach for this when you want to lay out a rule that applies to whoever fits the condition — 'whoever does X, that person Y.' Parallel 谁...谁就...HSK 5-6

Sufficient condition

3 patterns

只要...就...zhǐyào... jiù...HSK 2

Reach for this when you want to say 'as long as X, then Y' — a sufficient condition that's enough on its own to trigger the result.HSK 2

不管……只要……bùguǎn... zhǐyào... jiù...HSK 2

Reach for this when you want to sweep away one variable but anchor on another — 'no matter who/what/where, AS LONG AS Y, then Z.' 不管 throws out a list of irrelevant conditions; 只要 picks the one condition that actually matters.HSK 2

只要... 就/都可以...zhǐyào... jiù/dōu kěyǐ...HSK 3-4

Reach for this when one minimum condition is enough to guarantee an outcome — 'as long as X, then Y is fine / Y works / Y is allowed.' The 只要 sets a floor (the only thing required) and 就可以 or 都可以 in the second half says 'that's already sufficient.' It's the structure for permissive advice ('as long as you're happy, anything goes'), generous offers, and policy descriptions.HSK 3-4

Necessary condition

6 patterns

只有...才...zhǐyǒu... cái...HSK 2

Reach for this when you want to say 'only if X, then and only then Y.' 只有努力, 才能成功.HSK 2

才cáiHSK 2

Reach for this when something happened LATER, SLOWER, or under more restrictive conditions than you'd expect.HSK 2

除非...否则...chúfēi... fǒuzé...HSK 3-4

Reach for 除非...否则...HSK 3-4

只有...zhǐ yǒu...HSK 1

Reach for this when you want to mark something as the sole option, sole condition, or sole person — 'only X.' 只有 narrows the scope: only this much, only him, only when this happens.HSK 1

才能..., cáinéng ...HSK 1

Reach for 才能 when one thing has to happen FIRST before another becomes possible — 'only then can you...,' 'you have to X before you can Y.' It pairs a prerequisite (the front clause) with a capability (the back clause): the capability is locked until the prerequisite is met.HSK 1

直到 + Time/Condition, Subject + 才 + Verbzhí dào... cái...HSK 5-6

Reach for this when you want to mark how late something finally happened — 'it wasn't until X that Y.' 直到 names the point or condition that had to be met; 才 in the second clause stresses the lateness or difficulty.HSK 5-6

Hypothetical and concessive

28 patterns

虽然...但是...suīrán... dànshì...HSK 1

Reach for this when you want to admit one thing and then push back against it — 'sure, X is true, BUT Y.' It's the standard concession pattern in Chinese.HSK 1

不管...都...bùguǎn... dōu...HSK 3-4

Reach for this when you want to say 'no matter what/who/when/how, the result is the same.' 不管下不下雨, 我都去.HSK 3-4

即使……也……jíshǐ... yě...HSK 3-4

Reach for this when you want to say 'even if X were true, Y would still happen.' 即使下雨, 我也要去.HSK 3-4

就算...也...jiùsuàn... yě...HSK 2

Reach for this in casual speech when you want to say 'even if X, still Y.' 就算下雨, 我也去.HSK 2

无论……还是……wúlùn... háishi..., dōu...HSK 5-6

Reach for this when you want to say the outcome holds across multiple options — 'no matter whether A or B, the result is the same.' 无论 introduces the variable, 还是 separates the alternatives, and the main clause states what stays constant.HSK 5-6

哪怕……也……nǎpà... yě...HSK 5-6

Reach for this when you want to make a strong concessive point — 'even if X, still Y.' 哪怕 introduces an extreme or unlikely scenario; 也 in the result clause insists that the outcome holds anyway.HSK 5-6

无论……都……wúlùn... dōu...HSK 5-6

Reach for this when you want to say a result holds across all possible conditions — 'no matter what/who/how, the outcome is the same.' 无论 introduces the open variable (using a question word like 谁, 什么, 怎么, 多), and 都 in the result clause sweeps every case into the same outcome.HSK 5-6

即便如此jíbiàn rúcǐ,...HSK 5-6

Reach for 即便如此 when you've just stated a complication or counterpoint and want to push past it — 'even so / nevertheless.' It's a four-character connector that opens a clause and signals 'despite everything I just said, the next thing still holds.' Heavy in news commentary, analytical writing, and any formal prose that needs to concede a point without losing its argument.HSK 5-6

无论是...还是...wúlùn shì... háishì... dōu...HSK 5-6

Reach for this when the choice between two options DOESN'T MATTER — both lead to the same result.HSK 5-6

虽然...但...suīrán... dàn...HSK 5-6

Reach for this when you want to acknowledge one fact while emphasizing a contrasting reality — 'although X, but Y.' It's the same concession structure as 虽然...但是..., just with the shorter 但 instead of 但是.HSK 5-6

不管...bùguǎn...HSK 2

Reach for this when you want to say a result holds 'regardless of' some condition — no matter what someone has, says, does, or wants.HSK 2

不管...还是...都...bùguǎn... háishì... dōu...HSK 2

Use this when you want to say the outcome holds across every option on the table — 'no matter whether A or B, the result is the same.' It pairs a non-question 'whether…or…' with a 都 that locks in the universal result.HSK 2

不管...都/也...bùguǎn... dōu/yě...HSK 3-4

Reach for 不管...都/也...HSK 3-4

即使……（也/还）……jíshǐ... yě/hái...HSK 3-4

Reach for 即使...也/还...HSK 3-4

即便 / 即使 ... 也 ...jíbiàn / jíshǐ ... yě ...HSK 5-6

Reach for this when you want to hold a position even against a worst-case condition — 'even if X, still Y.' 即便 and 即使 introduce a hypothetical extreme (a fight, a failure, a long delay); the 也 clause then says the outcome stands anyway.HSK 5-6

即便...也...jíbiàn... yě...HSK 5-6

Reach for 即便...也...HSK 5-6

哪怕……nǎpà... yě / dōu...HSK 5-6

Reach for 哪怕 when you want to say 'even if X — extreme version — the outcome still holds.' It pushes a concession to its limit: even in the worst case, smallest amount, or wildest scenario, the second clause stays true.HSK 5-6

不管怎样bùguǎn zěnyàngHSK 2

Reach for this when you want to cut through everything that's been said and land on what matters anyway — 'regardless,' 'in any case,' 'either way.' It's a discourse marker that closes off debate and pivots to a conclusion the speaker considers settled.HSK 2

即使……还是……jíshǐ... háishi...HSK 3-4

Reach for this when you want to say a result holds even if some condition were true — 'even if X, Y still happens.' The 即使 clause names a hypothetical or extreme scenario; the 还是 clause insists the outcome doesn't change.HSK 3-4

即便……也/依然……jíbiàn... yě/yīrán...HSK 5-6

Reach for 即便...也/依然...HSK 5-6

即便...依然...jíbiàn... yīrán...HSK 5-6

Reach for this when you want to insist that a result holds even under an extreme or hypothetical condition — 'even if X, Y still happens.' Both halves carry weight: 即便 raises the strongest possible counter-condition, and 依然 stresses that the outcome stays the same despite it.HSK 5-6

哪怕只是...，也...nǎpà zhǐshì... yě...HSK 5-6

Reach for 哪怕只是...，也...HSK 5-6

哪怕只是为了...nǎpà zhǐshì wèile...HSK 5-6

Reach for this when you want to argue that even a tiny, modest goal is worth the effort — 'even if it's just for...' Use it to defend small joys, niche hobbies, or seemingly insignificant motivations.HSK 5-6

就算 / 即便 + clause, 也 + clausejiùsuàn / jíbiàn ... yě ...HSK 3-4

Reach for this when you want to lock in an outcome against a hypothetical worst case — 'even if X, still Y.' 就算 is the spoken-friendly twin; 即便 leans written.HSK 3-4

就算是X，也Yjiùsuàn shì... yě...HSK 3-4

Reach for this when you want to grant a hypothetical or generous reading and STILL push back — 'even if it's X, it's still Y.' 就算是 introduces a concession you're willing to make for the sake of argument; 也 delivers the consequence that holds despite that concession.HSK 3-4

无论 / 不管...都...wúlùn / bùguǎn... dōu...HSK 3-4

Reach for this when you want to say the result holds no matter what the condition is — rain or shine, A or B, whether or not.HSK 3-4

无论...都/还是...wú lùn... dōu / hái shi...HSK 5-6

Reach for 无论...都/还是...HSK 5-6

无论如何 (wúlùn rúhé) — regardless; no matter whatwúlùn rúhé, [STATEMENT]HSK 5-6

Reach for this when you want to sweep aside every objection, condition, or counterargument and commit to a position anyway.HSK 5-6

Conditionals in Chinese Grammar

Choose the structure by meaning

Common mix-ups

如果...就... vs 只要...就...

只有...才... vs 只要...就...

即使...也... vs ordinary conditions

Looking for a specific conditional?

Expected if-then

Sufficient condition

Necessary condition

Hypothetical and concessive

Other Grammar Topics